Does Eyeball Tattoo Hurt? Let’s face it, the idea of tattooing your eyeball sounds pretty intense, and pain is a valid concern. This article from tattooat.com dives deep into the realities of sclera tattoos, exploring the discomfort involved, potential dangers, and safer alternatives for expressing your unique style. If you’re curious about eye tattoos, or body modification read on to get informed about eye tattoo pain levels, eye tattoo complications, and eye-safe modifications.
1. Understanding Eyeball Tattoos: What Are They?
Eyeball tattoos, also known as sclera tattoos, involve injecting pigment directly into the sclera, the white part of the eye, to permanently change its color. This is a radical form of body modification, quite different from traditional skin tattoos. Unlike a regular tattoo where ink is deposited into the dermis layer of the skin, an eyeball tattoo injects pigment between the sclera and the conjunctiva. It’s important to understand the anatomical differences and the unique risks involved before considering this procedure.
2. Does Getting an Eyeball Tattoo Hurt?: Unveiling the Pain Factor
So, does an eyeball tattoo hurt? Surprisingly, many people report feeling minimal to no pain during the actual injection. This is because the sclera itself has very few nerve endings. However, this doesn’t mean the procedure is completely painless.
2.1. Discomfort During the Process
While the injection itself might not be acutely painful, you may experience:
- Pressure: A feeling of pressure in the eye as the ink is injected.
- Irritation: Mild burning or stinging sensation.
- Light Sensitivity: Temporary sensitivity to light after the procedure.
2.2. Pain After the Procedure
The days following the tattoo can be more uncomfortable. Potential after-effects include:
- Gritty Sensation: A feeling like sand is in your eye.
- Headaches: Mild to moderate headaches.
- Swelling: Swelling of the eyelids and conjunctiva.
- Pain: Aching pain due to irritation and inflammation.
These discomforts can vary in intensity from person to person and can be managed with pain relievers and eye drops as recommended by a doctor.
3. What is The Eyeball Tattoo Procedure?
The eyeball tattoo procedure requires the injection of dye into the sclera, the white part of the eye, allowing the color to spread. Despite seeming simple, the procedure is very complex, as the injection point must be exact within millimeters.
3.1. The Injection Process
During the procedure, the tattoo artist injects dye with a small needle just under the bulbar conjunctiva, a thin, transparent layer covering the eye. Ideally, the dye goes directly onto the sclera. Each eye requires multiple injections to ensure the ink covers the entire sclera, increasing the risk of errors.
3.2. Risks Due to Unqualified Practitioners
The danger of eyeball tattoos is heightened by the fact that they are often performed by individuals without medical qualifications. These artists may lack awareness of the eye’s delicate nature and the necessary anatomical knowledge, leading to severe complications.
4. Eyeball Tattoo Dangers: A Comprehensive Look at the Risks
Given the sensitive nature of the eye and the potential for unqualified practitioners, eyeball tattoos come with significant risks. Understanding these dangers is crucial for making an informed decision.
4.1. Immediate Complications
These can occur during or shortly after the procedure:
- Infection: Introduction of bacteria into the eye, leading to severe infections.
- Perforation: Accidental puncture of the eyeball.
- Inflammation: Severe inflammation of the eye, potentially leading to further complications.
- Vision Impairment: Blurred vision, double vision, or even vision loss due to incorrect dye placement or infection.
4.2. Long-Term Complications
These can develop over time and may have lasting effects:
- Blindness: One of the most devastating potential outcomes.
- Glaucoma: Increased pressure inside the eye, leading to optic nerve damage and vision loss.
- Cataracts: Clouding of the lens of the eye, causing blurred vision.
- Chronic Pain: Persistent eye pain.
- Sympathetic Ophthalmia: A rare but serious condition where inflammation in one eye triggers inflammation in the other eye, potentially leading to blindness in both eyes.
4.3. Vision Loss
Vision loss is a critical danger associated with eyeball tattoos. When the ink is not correctly injected under the conjunctiva, there is a significant risk of the needle penetrating inside the eye, causing severe pain and potential eyesight issues, including blindness.
5. Why Do People Get Eyeball Tattoos?
Despite the dangers, some people are drawn to eyeball tattoos for various reasons. Understanding these motivations can help shed light on the appeal of this extreme form of body modification.
5.1. Self-Expression
For many, it’s a form of radical self-expression, allowing them to stand out and make a bold statement about their identity. It’s a way to visually represent their individuality and break away from societal norms.
5.2. Body Modification Culture
Eyeball tattoos align with the broader body modification culture, where individuals seek to transform their bodies in unique and often extreme ways. This can be a way to reclaim control over one’s body and challenge conventional beauty standards.
5.3. Aesthetic Reasons
Some people simply find the aesthetic of colored eyeballs appealing. They might be drawn to the striking and otherworldly look it creates.
5.4. Performance Art
Eyeball tattoos can be part of a larger performance art piece, where the body becomes a canvas for artistic expression. This can be a way to explore themes of identity, transformation, and the human condition.
6. What is The Recovery Process Like?
The recovery process following an eyeball tattoo can be challenging and requires careful attention to avoid complications. It is essential to understand what to expect and how to manage the recovery to ensure the best possible outcome.
6.1. Immediate Aftercare
Immediately after the procedure, it is crucial to follow specific aftercare instructions to minimize risks and promote healing. These instructions typically include:
- Eye Drops: Using prescribed antibiotic or anti-inflammatory eye drops to prevent infection and reduce inflammation.
- Cold Compresses: Applying cold compresses to the eyelids to reduce swelling and discomfort.
- Avoiding Sunlight: Staying out of direct sunlight and wearing sunglasses to protect the eyes from UV radiation.
6.2. Monitoring for Complications
During the recovery period, it is essential to monitor for any signs of complications. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience:
- Severe Pain: Intense or persistent eye pain that does not subside with pain relievers.
- Vision Changes: Any changes in vision, such as blurred vision, double vision, or loss of vision.
- Discharge: Unusual discharge from the eye, which could indicate an infection.
- Increased Sensitivity to Light: Extreme sensitivity to light that makes it difficult to open your eyes.
6.3. Long-Term Care
Even after the initial recovery period, long-term care is necessary to maintain eye health and prevent potential complications. This includes:
- Regular Eye Exams: Scheduling regular eye exams with an ophthalmologist to monitor for any long-term effects of the tattoo.
- Avoiding Irritants: Avoiding irritants such as smoke, dust, and allergens that could cause inflammation or infection.
- Protecting Your Eyes: Wearing protective eyewear when participating in activities that could cause eye injury.
7. Are There Alternatives to Eyeball Tattoos?
If you’re drawn to the idea of enhancing your appearance but concerned about the risks of eyeball tattoos, you’re in luck. There are safer and less invasive alternatives available.
7.1. Colored Contact Lenses
Colored contact lenses offer a temporary and reversible way to change your eye color. You can experiment with different shades and designs without the commitment or risks associated with tattoos.
7.2. Cosmetic Eye Surgery
While still a surgical procedure, cosmetic eye surgery, such as iris implants, can permanently change eye color with potentially fewer risks than eyeball tattoos. However, it’s crucial to thoroughly research the procedure and choose a qualified and experienced surgeon.
7.3. Eye Makeup
Creative eye makeup techniques can enhance the color and shape of your eyes, creating stunning visual effects without any permanent modifications.
8. Choosing a Qualified Tattoo Artist (If You Proceed)
If, after careful consideration, you decide to proceed with an eyeball tattoo, selecting a highly qualified and experienced tattoo artist is paramount. This decision can significantly impact the safety and outcome of the procedure.
8.1. Research and Credentials
Begin by researching potential tattoo artists and verifying their credentials. Look for artists who have extensive experience specifically with eyeball tattoos and a portfolio showcasing their work. Check for any certifications or training they may have received in relevant areas such as anatomy, hygiene, and safety protocols.
8.2. Consultation
Schedule a consultation with the tattoo artist to discuss your expectations, assess their knowledge and experience, and ask questions about the procedure. During the consultation, the artist should thoroughly explain the risks and potential complications associated with eyeball tattoos and provide detailed aftercare instructions.
8.3. Hygiene and Safety
Ensure that the tattoo artist adheres to strict hygiene and safety protocols. The studio should be clean and sterile, and the artist should use disposable needles and gloves. Inquire about their sterilization procedures and ensure they meet or exceed industry standards.
8.4. References and Reviews
Seek references from previous clients and read online reviews to gauge the tattoo artist’s reputation and the quality of their work. Pay attention to feedback regarding their professionalism, communication skills, and attention to detail.
8.5. Red Flags
Be wary of tattoo artists who:
- Downplay the risks associated with eyeball tattoos.
- Lack proper training or certification.
- Do not adhere to strict hygiene and safety protocols.
- Pressure you into making a decision without providing adequate information.
- Offer extremely low prices, which could indicate a lack of experience or quality.
9. What Are The Legal Implications of Eyeball Tattoos?
The legal landscape surrounding eyeball tattoos is complex and varies depending on the jurisdiction. It is essential to understand the legal implications of this procedure before proceeding.
9.1. Regulations and Restrictions
Some countries or regions have specific regulations or restrictions regarding eyeball tattoos due to the inherent risks associated with the procedure. These regulations may include:
- Age Restrictions: Minimum age requirements for undergoing eyeball tattoos.
- Licensing Requirements: Licensing requirements for tattoo artists performing eyeball tattoos.
- Informed Consent: Requirements for obtaining informed consent from clients, ensuring they understand the risks and potential complications of the procedure.
- Bans or Prohibitions: Bans or prohibitions on eyeball tattoos altogether due to safety concerns.
9.2. Liability and Negligence
Tattoo artists who perform eyeball tattoos may be held liable for negligence if they fail to meet the standard of care or if their actions result in injury to the client. Clients may have grounds to pursue legal action if they experience complications or damages as a result of the tattoo artist’s negligence.
9.3. Insurance Coverage
Insurance coverage for complications arising from eyeball tattoos is typically limited or nonexistent. Most health insurance policies do not cover cosmetic procedures or complications resulting from voluntary body modifications. This means that individuals who experience adverse effects from eyeball tattoos may be responsible for covering the costs of medical treatment out of pocket.
9.4. Legal Advice
If you are considering getting an eyeball tattoo, it is advisable to seek legal advice to understand the legal implications in your jurisdiction. A qualified attorney can provide guidance on your rights and responsibilities, as well as the potential risks of legal action or liability.
10. Eyeball Tattoo Trends: What’s Popular?
Despite the risks, certain trends have emerged in the world of eyeball tattoos.
10.1. Solid Colors
Solid colors, like blue, black, and purple, are popular choices for creating a dramatic and uniform look.
10.2. Color Combinations
Some people opt for creative color combinations, such as blending two or more colors to create unique effects.
10.3. Patterns and Designs
While less common, some individuals incorporate patterns or designs into their eyeball tattoos, adding an extra layer of complexity.
10.4. Glow-in-the-Dark Ink
Glow-in-the-dark ink is sometimes used to create an otherworldly effect, although its safety for use in the eyes is highly questionable.
11. Eyeball Tattoo Aftercare: Ensuring Proper Healing
Proper aftercare is crucial for minimizing complications and ensuring the best possible outcome.
11.1. Following Artist Instructions
Follow your tattoo artist’s aftercare instructions diligently. These instructions may include:
- Eye Drops: Using prescribed eye drops to prevent infection and reduce inflammation.
- Cold Compresses: Applying cold compresses to reduce swelling.
- Avoiding Irritants: Avoiding smoke, dust, and other irritants.
- Protecting Eyes: Protecting your eyes from sunlight and injury.
11.2. Monitoring for Infection
Watch for signs of infection, such as:
- Redness
- Swelling
- Pain
- Discharge
Seek immediate medical attention if you suspect an infection.
11.3. Regular Checkups
Schedule regular checkups with an ophthalmologist to monitor your eye health and address any potential complications.
12. Long-Term Effects of Eyeball Tattoos: What to Expect
The long-term effects of eyeball tattoos are still not fully understood due to the limited research available. However, potential long-term complications can include:
12.1. Fading or Color Change
The color of the tattoo may fade or change over time, requiring touch-ups.
12.2. Vision Problems
Long-term vision problems, such as blurred vision, double vision, or sensitivity to light, may develop.
12.3. Eye Damage
Permanent damage to the eye, such as glaucoma or cataracts, is possible.
13. Societal Views on Eyeball Tattoos: Acceptance and Stigma
Eyeball tattoos are a controversial form of body modification, and societal views on them can vary widely.
13.1. Acceptance Within Body Modification Communities
Within body modification communities, eyeball tattoos may be viewed as a form of self-expression and artistic exploration.
13.2. Stigma and Misconceptions
Outside of these communities, eyeball tattoos may be met with stigma and misconceptions. People may view them as extreme, dangerous, or even disturbing.
13.3. Impact on Social and Professional Life
Having visible eyeball tattoos can impact social and professional life. Some individuals may face discrimination or judgment due to their appearance.
14. Expert Opinions on Eyeball Tattoos: Weighing the Risks
Medical and tattoo professionals generally advise against eyeball tattoos due to the high risk of complications.
14.1. Ophthalmologists
Ophthalmologists strongly discourage eyeball tattoos, citing the potential for blindness, glaucoma, and other serious eye conditions.
14.2. Tattoo Artists
Even some tattoo artists refuse to perform eyeball tattoos due to the ethical concerns and potential liability involved.
14.3. Medical Studies and Research
Limited medical studies on eyeball tattoos have highlighted the dangers of the procedure and called for stricter regulations.
15. Eyeball Tattoos Gone Wrong: Real-Life Horror Stories
Unfortunately, there are numerous real-life stories of eyeball tattoos gone wrong, serving as cautionary tales.
15.1. Vision Loss and Blindness
Many individuals have experienced vision loss or blindness as a result of complications from eyeball tattoos.
15.2. Severe Infections
Severe eye infections can lead to permanent damage and disfigurement.
15.3. Long-Term Pain and Discomfort
Chronic pain and discomfort can significantly impact quality of life.
These stories underscore the importance of carefully considering the risks before undergoing an eyeball tattoo.
16. The Future of Eyeball Tattoos: Trends and Predictions
The future of eyeball tattoos is uncertain due to the ongoing debate about their safety and ethics.
16.1. Potential Regulations
Stricter regulations and licensing requirements may be implemented to protect public safety.
16.2. Technological Advancements
Technological advancements in tattoo techniques and inks may potentially reduce some of the risks associated with eyeball tattoos, but this is speculative.
16.3. Shift in Popularity
The popularity of eyeball tattoos may shift as awareness of the risks increases and safer alternatives become available.
17. Eye Tattoo Aftercare Products: What to Use?
Taking care of your eyes after getting an eyeball tattoo is critical for preventing complications and ensuring proper healing. Here are some essential aftercare products to consider:
17.1. Antibiotic Eye Drops
Antibiotic eye drops help prevent bacterial infections. Use them as directed by your tattoo artist or healthcare provider.
17.2. Anti-Inflammatory Eye Drops
Anti-inflammatory eye drops reduce swelling and discomfort. These can help manage any inflammation resulting from the tattoo procedure.
17.3. Preservative-Free Lubricating Eye Drops
Preservative-free lubricating eye drops keep your eyes moisturized and alleviate dryness. They also help soothe irritation and gritty sensations.
17.4. Cold Compresses
Cold compresses help reduce swelling and relieve pain. Apply them gently to your eyelids for short periods.
17.5. Sunglasses
Sunglasses protect your eyes from sunlight and UV radiation. Wear them outdoors, especially during the initial healing period.
17.6. Protective Eyewear
Protective eyewear shields your eyes from irritants and potential injury. Use them when participating in activities that could pose a risk to your eyes.
18. Finding Support and Information About Eyeball Tattoos
If you’re considering an eyeball tattoo or have already gotten one, it’s essential to find support and access reliable information.
18.1. Online Forums and Communities
Engage with online forums and communities dedicated to body modification. These platforms offer valuable insights, advice, and support from individuals with similar experiences.
18.2. Medical Professionals
Consult with medical professionals, such as ophthalmologists, to address any concerns or questions you may have about eyeball tattoos and their potential risks.
18.3. Tattoo Artists
Talk to experienced tattoo artists who specialize in eyeball tattoos. They can provide guidance on the procedure, aftercare, and potential complications.
18.4. Support Groups
Consider joining support groups for individuals who have undergone body modification procedures. These groups offer a safe and supportive environment to share experiences and receive encouragement.
18.5. Educational Resources
Explore educational resources, such as medical journals, articles, and websites, to learn more about the science behind eyeball tattoos and their potential effects on eye health.
19. Tattoo Removal Options for Eyeball Tattoos
If you regret getting an eyeball tattoo, tattoo removal options are limited and may not be entirely effective.
19.1. Laser Removal
Laser tattoo removal is not typically recommended for eyeball tattoos due to the risk of eye damage.
19.2. Surgical Excision
Surgical removal of the tattooed area is possible but can be invasive and may result in scarring.
19.3. Corneal Transplantation
In severe cases, corneal transplantation may be necessary to restore vision.
It’s important to consult with a qualified medical professional to discuss the best course of action for your individual situation.
20. Alternatives to Eye Tattoos
If you’re looking for ways to express your creativity and enhance your appearance without the risks of eyeball tattoos, here are some alternatives:
20.1. Body Tattoos
Opt for body tattoos on less sensitive areas of your body. These tattoos are a safe and popular form of self-expression.
20.2. Piercings
Explore piercings as a form of body art. Choose reputable piercers who follow strict hygiene practices.
20.3. Makeup
Experiment with makeup to create unique looks and enhance your features.
20.4. Hair Dye
Change your hair color to express your personality and style.
20.5. Fashion
Use fashion to showcase your individuality and creativity.
These alternatives offer safer and more reversible ways to express yourself.
21. What Are The Long-Term Risks of Eyeball Tattoos?
Eyeball tattoos carry significant long-term risks that can affect vision and overall eye health. It is crucial to be aware of these potential consequences before considering the procedure.
21.1. Vision Impairment
One of the most serious long-term risks of eyeball tattoos is vision impairment. The injection of ink into the sclera can damage delicate eye structures, leading to blurred vision, double vision, or decreased visual acuity. In some cases, vision loss may be irreversible.
21.2. Glaucoma
Glaucoma, a condition characterized by increased pressure inside the eye, is another potential long-term risk of eyeball tattoos. The presence of ink in the sclera can obstruct the drainage of fluid from the eye, leading to elevated intraocular pressure and damage to the optic nerve.
21.3. Cataracts
Cataracts, or clouding of the lens of the eye, can also occur as a result of eyeball tattoos. The injection of ink near the lens can cause inflammation and damage, accelerating the development of cataracts and leading to blurred vision.
21.4. Chronic Inflammation
Chronic inflammation of the eye is a common long-term complication of eyeball tattoos. The presence of foreign ink particles in the sclera can trigger an ongoing inflammatory response, leading to persistent redness, swelling, and discomfort.
21.5. Corneal Damage
The cornea, the clear front surface of the eye, is vulnerable to damage from eyeball tattoos. The injection of ink can cause corneal abrasions, scarring, and distortion, leading to blurred vision and discomfort.
21.6. Sensitivity to Light
Increased sensitivity to light, or photophobia, is another potential long-term effect of eyeball tattoos. The presence of ink in the sclera can alter the way light enters the eye, leading to heightened sensitivity and discomfort in bright environments.
22. Is Anesthesia Used During Eyeball Tattoo Procedures?
The use of anesthesia during eyeball tattoo procedures is a topic of concern and debate. While some practitioners may offer local anesthesia to numb the eye, it is not always standard practice, and the risks and benefits should be carefully considered.
22.1. Local Anesthesia
Local anesthesia involves numbing the eye with eye drops or injections to reduce pain and discomfort during the tattoo procedure. While local anesthesia can help alleviate pain, it also carries risks, such as allergic reactions, nerve damage, and corneal abrasions.
22.2. General Anesthesia
General anesthesia, which involves putting the patient to sleep during the procedure, is rarely used for eyeball tattoos due to the increased risks and complexity associated with it. General anesthesia requires specialized medical personnel and equipment and is typically reserved for more invasive surgical procedures.
22.3. Risks and Considerations
When considering anesthesia for an eyeball tattoo procedure, it is essential to weigh the risks and benefits carefully. Discuss the anesthesia options with your tattoo artist and consult with a medical professional to determine the safest and most appropriate approach.
23. Eye Tattoo Cost: What to Expect
The cost of an eyeball tattoo can vary widely depending on several factors, including the tattoo artist’s experience, the location of the studio, the complexity of the design, and the type of ink used.
23.1. Factors Affecting Cost
Here are some of the key factors that can influence the cost of an eyeball tattoo:
- Artist’s Experience: Highly experienced and reputable tattoo artists typically charge more for their services due to their expertise and skill.
- Studio Location: Tattoo studios in metropolitan areas or upscale neighborhoods may have higher prices compared to those in more rural or less affluent areas.
- Design Complexity: Intricate designs or custom artwork may require more time and skill to execute, resulting in a higher cost.
- Ink Type: The type of ink used can also affect the cost of the tattoo. High-quality, specialized inks may be more expensive than standard tattoo inks.
- Number of Sessions: Depending on the size and complexity of the tattoo, multiple sessions may be required to complete the artwork, increasing the overall cost.
23.2. Average Price Range
As a general estimate, eyeball tattoos can range in price from several hundred to several thousand dollars per eye. However, it’s important to obtain a personalized quote from the tattoo artist based on your specific requirements and design preferences.
23.3. Additional Costs
In addition to the cost of the tattoo itself, it’s also essential to factor in potential additional costs, such as:
- Consultation Fees: Some tattoo artists may charge a consultation fee to discuss your design ideas and assess the feasibility of the project.
- Aftercare Products: You’ll need to purchase aftercare products, such as antibiotic eye drops and preservative-free lubricating eye drops, to promote healing and prevent infection.
- Medical Expenses: In the event of complications or adverse reactions, you may incur medical expenses for treatment and care.
24. What Happens if the Ink Spreads to Unintended Areas?
One of the potential risks associated with eyeball tattoos is the possibility of ink spreading to unintended areas of the eye or surrounding tissues. This can lead to various complications and adverse effects.
24.1. Discoloration
If the ink spreads beyond the sclera, it can cause discoloration of the conjunctiva, cornea, or other eye structures. This discoloration may be permanent and can affect the appearance of the eye.
24.2. Inflammation
The presence of ink in unintended areas can trigger inflammation and irritation of the eye tissues. This inflammation may lead to redness, swelling, pain, and discomfort.
24.3. Vision Problems
If the ink spreads to critical areas of the eye, such as the cornea or lens, it can cause vision problems, including blurred vision, double vision, or decreased visual acuity.
24.4. Corneal Damage
The cornea, the clear front surface of the eye, is particularly vulnerable to damage from ink spreading. The ink can cause corneal abrasions, scarring, and distortion, leading to vision impairment and discomfort.
24.5. Migration
In some cases, the ink may migrate from the eye to surrounding tissues, such as the eyelids or tear ducts. This migration can cause discoloration, inflammation, and irritation in these areas.
24.6. Treatment Options
If the ink spreads to unintended areas, treatment options may be limited and may not be entirely effective. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove the ink or repair damaged tissues.
25. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Eyeball Tattoos
Let’s address some frequently asked questions about eyeball tattoos:
25.1. Are eyeball tattoos safe?
Eyeball tattoos are generally considered unsafe due to the high risk of complications.
25.2. How much do eyeball tattoos cost?
The cost can range from several hundred to several thousand dollars per eye.
25.3. Do eyeball tattoos fade over time?
Yes, the color may fade or change over time.
25.4. Can eyeball tattoos be removed?
Removal options are limited and may not be entirely effective.
25.5. Are there alternatives to eyeball tattoos?
Yes, colored contact lenses, cosmetic eye surgery, and eye makeup are safer alternatives.
25.6. What are the long-term effects of eyeball tattoos?
Potential long-term effects include vision problems, eye damage, and glaucoma.
25.7. Are eyeball tattoos legal?
The legal status varies depending on the jurisdiction.
25.8. Do eyeball tattoos hurt?
The injection itself might not be acutely painful, but discomfort can occur during and after the procedure.
25.9. What should I do if I experience complications after getting an eyeball tattoo?
Seek immediate medical attention.
25.10. How do I find a qualified tattoo artist for eyeball tattoos?
Research thoroughly, check credentials, and ensure strict hygiene and safety protocols.
Eyeball tattoos are a serious decision with potentially life-altering consequences. Make sure you’re fully informed before considering this extreme form of body modification.
Considering a tattoo? Explore a world of stunning and safe body art options at tattooat.com! Discover inspiration, find talented artists in the USA, and learn everything you need to know about tattoos. Visit tattooat.com today! You can find us at 1825 SW Broadway, Portland, OR 97201, United States, or give us a call at +1 (503) 725-3000.
