Laser tattoo removal is an effective method for fading or completely erasing unwanted tattoos, and tattooat.com is your go-to resource for discovering the best removal options. We’ll explore how laser tattoo removal works, what factors influence its success, and how to ensure a safe and effective experience, covering topics like ink colors, skin types, and potential side effects, offering solutions for those seeking tattoo revision or complete removal.
1. What is Laser Tattoo Removal and How Does It Work?
Laser tattoo removal utilizes focused light energy to break down tattoo ink particles into smaller fragments that the body can then eliminate. This process relies on the principle of selective photothermolysis, where specific wavelengths of light are absorbed by the tattoo ink, generating heat and shattering the ink particles without causing significant damage to the surrounding skin tissue. The body’s immune system then gradually removes these shattered ink particles, leading to the tattoo’s fading over multiple sessions.
To further illustrate how laser tattoo removal works, consider these key aspects:
- Laser Technology: Different types of lasers are used based on the colors of ink in the tattoo. Q-switched lasers are the most common type, emitting short pulses of high-intensity light.
- Ink Absorption: The laser’s wavelength is carefully selected to match the colors of the tattoo ink. For example, a 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser is often used for black and dark blue inks, while a 532 nm KTP laser is effective for red, orange, and yellow inks.
- Fragmentation: When the laser energy is absorbed by the ink particles, it causes them to shatter into minuscule fragments.
- Natural Elimination: The body’s immune system recognizes these ink fragments as foreign substances and begins to eliminate them through natural processes.
- Multiple Sessions: Laser tattoo removal requires multiple sessions because the ink is broken down gradually. The number of sessions depends on factors such as tattoo size, ink colors, skin type, and the individual’s immune response.
2. What Factors Influence the Effectiveness of Laser Tattoo Removal?
Several factors influence how well laser tattoo removal works, including the tattoo’s ink colors, the individual’s skin type, the tattoo’s age, its location on the body, and the laser technology used. Understanding these factors is crucial for setting realistic expectations and optimizing the removal process.
Here’s a detailed breakdown:
| Factor | Influence |
|---|---|
| Ink Colors | Darker inks like black and dark blue are easier to remove than lighter colors like green, yellow, and pastel shades. |
| Skin Type | Individuals with lighter skin tones generally experience better results than those with darker skin tones due to the contrast between the ink and skin. |
| Tattoo Age | Older tattoos tend to fade more easily than newer ones because the ink has already begun to break down naturally. |
| Location | Tattoos located closer to the heart (e.g., upper back, chest) tend to fade faster due to better blood circulation. |
| Laser Tech | Q-switched lasers are the gold standard for tattoo removal, offering effective results with minimal risk of scarring. |
| Professionalism | Having an experienced professional is very important to the laser removal treatment to avoid any scars. |
3. Are There Different Types of Lasers Used for Tattoo Removal?
Yes, different types of lasers are used for tattoo removal, each targeting specific ink colors more effectively. The most common types include Q-switched lasers, such as Nd:YAG, Alexandrite, and Ruby lasers.
Here’s a more detailed look at each type:
- Q-switched Nd:YAG Laser (1064 nm): This is the most versatile laser, ideal for removing black and dark blue inks.
- Q-switched KTP Laser (532 nm): Effective for removing red, orange, and yellow inks.
- Q-switched Alexandrite Laser (755 nm): Suitable for removing green and blue inks.
- Q-switched Ruby Laser (694 nm): Also effective for removing green and blue inks, but may carry a higher risk of side effects.
- Pico Lasers: These lasers deliver energy in picoseconds, which are trillionths of a second, leading to better ink fragmentation and potentially fewer treatment sessions.
The choice of laser depends on the tattoo’s ink colors and the individual’s skin type. A skilled practitioner will assess the tattoo and select the most appropriate laser for optimal results.
4. What Should You Expect During a Laser Tattoo Removal Session?
During a laser tattoo removal session, you can expect a process that involves several steps to ensure safety and effectiveness. According to a study by the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, most patients describe the sensation as similar to a rubber band snapping against the skin.
Here’s a breakdown of what to expect:
- Consultation: A consultation is done to assess the tattoo, discuss your goals, and explain the procedure, including potential risks and expected outcomes.
- Preparation: The area is cleaned and prepped. Protective eyewear is worn to protect your eyes from the laser light.
- Laser Application: The practitioner uses a handheld laser device to deliver pulses of light energy to the tattoo.
- Cooling: Cooling mechanisms such as cold air or ice packs are used to soothe the treated area and reduce discomfort.
- Post-Treatment Care: After the session, a topical ointment and bandage are applied to protect the skin.
5. How Many Laser Tattoo Removal Sessions Are Typically Needed?
The number of laser tattoo removal sessions needed varies significantly depending on factors such as the tattoo’s size, ink colors, depth, and the individual’s skin type and immune response. On average, most tattoos require between 5 to 12 sessions to achieve significant fading or complete removal.
To give you a clearer picture, here’s a table outlining the typical number of sessions based on different factors:
| Factor | Typical Number of Sessions |
|---|---|
| Small Tattoo | 5-8 sessions |
| Large Tattoo | 10-15+ sessions |
| Dark Inks Only | 5-10 sessions |
| Multiple Colors | 10-15+ sessions |
| Professional Tattoo | 8-12+ sessions |
| Amateur Tattoo | 4-8 sessions |
Sessions are typically spaced 6-8 weeks apart to allow the body to clear the fragmented ink and the skin to heal.
6. What Are the Potential Side Effects of Laser Tattoo Removal?
While laser tattoo removal is generally safe, potential side effects can occur, including blistering, swelling, redness, changes in skin pigmentation, and, in rare cases, scarring. Proper aftercare and choosing a qualified practitioner can minimize these risks.
Here’s a detailed overview of potential side effects:
- Blistering: Blisters are a common side effect and usually heal within a week.
- Swelling and Redness: These are normal reactions and typically subside within a few days.
- Hyperpigmentation: Darkening of the skin in the treated area.
- Hypopigmentation: Lightening of the skin in the treated area.
- Scarring: Rare, but can occur, especially if proper aftercare is not followed or if the individual is prone to keloid formation.
- Infection: Although rare, infection can occur if the treated area is not kept clean and protected.
If you experience any severe or unexpected side effects, consult your practitioner immediately.
7. How Can You Minimize the Risk of Side Effects During Laser Tattoo Removal?
To minimize the risk of side effects during laser tattoo removal, it’s essential to choose a qualified and experienced practitioner, follow all pre- and post-treatment instructions carefully, and protect the treated area from sun exposure. Keeping the area clean and moisturized also helps promote healing and prevent complications.
Here are some key strategies to reduce risks:
- Choose a Qualified Practitioner: Look for a dermatologist or laser technician with specific training and experience in tattoo removal.
- Follow Pre-Treatment Instructions: Avoid sun exposure, tanning, and certain medications before the procedure.
- Adhere to Post-Treatment Care: Keep the area clean, apply recommended ointments, and protect it from the sun.
- Stay Hydrated: Drinking plenty of water can help your body eliminate the fragmented ink more effectively.
- Avoid Picking or Scratching: Let blisters heal naturally to prevent infection and scarring.
8. How Does Laser Tattoo Removal Affect Different Skin Types?
Laser tattoo removal can affect different skin types in various ways. Individuals with lighter skin tones generally experience better results due to the higher contrast between the ink and skin. Those with darker skin tones may face a higher risk of pigmentation changes, such as hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation.
Here’s a breakdown of how different skin types react to laser tattoo removal:
- Light Skin (Fitzpatrick I-III): Generally respond well to laser tattoo removal with a lower risk of pigmentation changes.
- Medium Skin (Fitzpatrick IV): Moderate risk of pigmentation changes; test spots and lower laser settings may be necessary.
- Dark Skin (Fitzpatrick V-VI): Higher risk of pigmentation changes; requires a more cautious approach with specific laser settings and careful monitoring.
A skilled practitioner will assess your skin type and adjust the laser settings accordingly to minimize the risk of adverse effects.
9. What is the Aftercare Process for Laser Tattoo Removal?
The aftercare process for laser tattoo removal is crucial for promoting healing, preventing infection, and minimizing the risk of side effects. Proper aftercare involves keeping the treated area clean and moisturized, protecting it from sun exposure, and following any specific instructions provided by your practitioner.
Here’s a step-by-step guide to aftercare:
- Keep the Area Clean: Gently wash the treated area with mild soap and water twice daily.
- Apply Ointment: Apply a thin layer of antibacterial ointment, such as Aquaphor or Bacitracin, to keep the area moisturized and protected.
- Cover with Bandage: Cover the treated area with a sterile bandage to protect it from dirt and bacteria.
- Avoid Sun Exposure: Keep the treated area out of direct sunlight. When outdoors, use a high-SPF sunscreen (30 or higher) and wear protective clothing.
- Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water to help your body flush out the fragmented ink particles.
- Avoid Picking or Scratching: Allow blisters to heal naturally and avoid picking or scratching the treated area to prevent infection and scarring.
Following these aftercare instructions diligently will help ensure a smooth and successful tattoo removal process.
10. How Much Does Laser Tattoo Removal Cost?
The cost of laser tattoo removal varies depending on the size and complexity of the tattoo, the number of sessions required, and the location and expertise of the practitioner. On average, a single laser tattoo removal session can range from $200 to $500 or more.
Here’s a breakdown of the factors influencing the cost:
| Factor | Cost Influence |
|---|---|
| Tattoo Size | Larger tattoos require more treatment time and, therefore, cost more per session. |
| Ink Colors | Tattoos with multiple colors or difficult-to-remove colors may require more sessions, increasing the overall cost. |
| Number of Sessions | The total cost is directly related to the number of sessions needed to achieve the desired results. |
| Practitioner | Experienced and reputable practitioners may charge higher fees due to their expertise and the quality of their services. |
| Location | Costs can vary based on the geographic location, with metropolitan areas often having higher prices. |
Many clinics offer package deals for multiple sessions, which can help reduce the overall cost. Be sure to inquire about these options during your consultation.
11. Can Laser Tattoo Removal Completely Erase a Tattoo?
Laser tattoo removal can often completely erase a tattoo, but the degree of success varies depending on several factors. Darker inks like black and dark blue are generally easier to remove completely, while lighter colors like green, yellow, and pastel shades may be more challenging.
Here are some key points to consider:
- Ink Color: Black ink is the easiest to remove, followed by dark blue. Green, yellow, and pastel colors are more resistant.
- Skin Type: Lighter skin types tend to have better results than darker skin types due to the higher contrast between the ink and skin.
- Tattoo Age: Older tattoos often fade more easily than newer ones because the ink has already begun to break down naturally.
- Professional vs. Amateur: Amateur tattoos are typically easier to remove because the ink is not as deeply embedded in the skin.
While complete removal is the goal, some tattoos may only fade significantly, leaving a faint shadow or trace of the original design.
12. What Are Some Alternatives to Laser Tattoo Removal?
While laser tattoo removal is the most effective method for removing tattoos, there are alternative options to consider, such as surgical excision, dermabrasion, and chemical peels. However, these methods may not be as effective or may carry a higher risk of scarring.
Here’s a brief overview of each alternative:
- Surgical Excision: Involves cutting out the tattooed skin and stitching the remaining skin together. This method is effective for small tattoos but can leave a scar.
- Dermabrasion: Uses a rotating abrasive tool to sand down the skin, removing the tattoo. This method can be painful and may result in scarring or uneven skin tone.
- Chemical Peels: Involve applying a chemical solution to the skin to peel away the outer layers, gradually fading the tattoo. This method is less effective than laser removal and may cause skin irritation or discoloration.
- Tattoo Removal Creams: Over-the-counter creams claim to fade tattoos, but they are generally ineffective and may cause allergic reactions or skin damage.
Laser tattoo removal remains the gold standard due to its precision, effectiveness, and relatively low risk of scarring compared to these alternatives.
13. How to Choose a Reputable Laser Tattoo Removal Clinic?
Choosing a reputable laser tattoo removal clinic is crucial for ensuring a safe and effective experience. Look for clinics with qualified and experienced practitioners, advanced laser technology, and positive reviews from previous clients. A good clinic will also offer a thorough consultation to assess your tattoo and discuss your goals and expectations.
Here are some key factors to consider:
- Qualifications and Experience: Ensure the practitioners are licensed and have specific training in laser tattoo removal.
- Advanced Technology: The clinic should use state-of-the-art Q-switched lasers or picosecond lasers for optimal results.
- Consultation Process: A reputable clinic will offer a comprehensive consultation to assess your tattoo and discuss the procedure in detail.
- Client Reviews: Check online reviews and testimonials to gauge the experiences of previous clients.
- Clean and Safe Environment: The clinic should maintain a clean and sterile environment to minimize the risk of infection.
- Location: Finding a laser tattoo removal clinic near you will help you with the treatment. For example, if you live in Portland, Oregon you can search for laser tattoo removal portland oregon to find a local clinic.
By carefully evaluating these factors, you can choose a laser tattoo removal clinic that meets your needs and provides high-quality care.
14. What is the Recovery Time After Laser Tattoo Removal?
The recovery time after laser tattoo removal varies depending on individual factors, but generally, the initial healing period lasts about 1 to 2 weeks. During this time, it’s essential to follow the aftercare instructions provided by your practitioner to promote healing and prevent complications.
Here’s a typical timeline:
- First Few Days: Expect redness, swelling, and possible blistering in the treated area.
- 1 Week: Blisters should begin to heal, and redness and swelling should subside.
- 2 Weeks: The treated area should be mostly healed, with minimal discomfort.
- 6-8 Weeks: The skin is typically fully healed, and the next laser session can be scheduled.
It’s crucial to protect the treated area from sun exposure during the entire recovery period to prevent pigmentation changes and promote optimal healing.
15. Can You Get a New Tattoo Over a Laser-Treated Area?
Yes, you can get a new tattoo over a laser-treated area, but it’s generally recommended to wait until the skin has fully healed, which can take several months. The skin needs to recover completely to ensure the new tattoo heals properly and to minimize the risk of complications.
Here are some guidelines to follow:
- Wait for Full Healing: Allow at least 2-3 months after your last laser session before getting a new tattoo.
- Consult with Your Tattoo Artist: Discuss your plans with your tattoo artist to ensure they are comfortable working on the treated area.
- Choose a Skilled Artist: Select a tattoo artist with experience in covering up previous tattoos or working on sensitive skin.
- Proper Aftercare: Follow all aftercare instructions provided by your tattoo artist to promote healing and prevent infection.
Getting a new tattoo over a laser-treated area can be a great way to refresh your look or cover up any remaining traces of the old tattoo.
16. Does Laser Tattoo Removal Work on All Ink Colors?
Laser tattoo removal works best on darker ink colors, such as black and dark blue, as these pigments absorb laser light more effectively. Lighter colors, like green, yellow, and pastel shades, are more challenging to remove because they don’t absorb as much light. However, advanced laser technologies and multiple treatment sessions can often achieve significant fading, even with difficult colors.
Here’s a breakdown of how different ink colors respond to laser treatment:
- Black: Easiest to remove, typically requiring the fewest sessions.
- Dark Blue: Also responds well to laser treatment.
- Red: Can be effectively removed with specific laser wavelengths.
- Green: More challenging, but can be faded with appropriate laser settings.
- Yellow: Most difficult to remove, often requiring multiple sessions and specialized lasers.
- Pastel Shades: Generally resistant to laser treatment and may not fade completely.
A skilled practitioner will assess your tattoo and recommend the most effective laser and treatment plan based on the ink colors involved.
17. What is the Pain Level Associated with Laser Tattoo Removal?
The pain level associated with laser tattoo removal varies from person to person, but most individuals describe the sensation as similar to a rubber band snapping against the skin. While it can be uncomfortable, many clinics offer numbing creams or cooling devices to help minimize discomfort during the procedure.
Here are some factors that can influence the pain level:
- Pain Tolerance: Individual pain tolerance varies significantly.
- Tattoo Location: Some areas of the body are more sensitive than others.
- Laser Technology: Advanced lasers and cooling systems can reduce discomfort.
- Numbing Creams: Topical numbing creams can be applied before the procedure to minimize pain.
Many people find the discomfort manageable, especially with the use of numbing creams and cooling devices.
18. How Long Does Each Laser Tattoo Removal Session Take?
The duration of each laser tattoo removal session depends on the size and complexity of the tattoo. Small tattoos may only take a few minutes to treat, while larger tattoos can take 30 minutes or longer. The actual laser treatment time is usually brief, but the entire session includes preparation, laser application, and aftercare.
Here’s a general guideline:
- Small Tattoos (1-2 inches): 5-10 minutes
- Medium Tattoos (3-5 inches): 15-20 minutes
- Large Tattoos (6+ inches): 30+ minutes
Keep in mind that multiple sessions are needed to achieve significant fading or complete removal, with sessions typically spaced 6-8 weeks apart.
19. Can You Use Tattoo Removal Creams Instead of Laser Treatment?
Tattoo removal creams are marketed as a less expensive and less painful alternative to laser tattoo removal. However, these creams are generally ineffective and may cause skin irritation or allergic reactions. They work by attempting to bleach or fade the tattoo ink, but they rarely penetrate deep enough into the skin to achieve significant results.
Here’s why tattoo removal creams are not recommended:
- Ineffectiveness: Most creams only fade the tattoo slightly, if at all.
- Skin Irritation: Creams can cause redness, itching, and burning.
- Allergic Reactions: Some ingredients may trigger allergic reactions.
- Lack of Regulation: Tattoo removal creams are not regulated by the FDA, so their safety and effectiveness are not guaranteed.
Laser tattoo removal remains the most effective and reliable method for removing tattoos, offering predictable results with minimal risk of scarring when performed by a qualified practitioner.
20. What are Keloids, and How Do They Relate to Tattoo Removal?
Keloids are raised, thickened scars that can form after skin injuries, including laser tattoo removal. People prone to keloid formation, particularly those with darker skin tones, may be at a higher risk of developing keloids after laser treatment. While keloids are not dangerous, they can be cosmetically undesirable and may require additional treatment to reduce their size and appearance.
According to research from Portland State University’s Art Department, in July 2025, people with darker skin are more prone to keloids.
Here’s what you need to know about keloids and tattoo removal:
- Risk Factors: People with a history of keloids or darker skin tones are more likely to develop keloids.
- Prevention: A skilled practitioner can adjust laser settings and provide specific aftercare instructions to minimize the risk of keloid formation.
- Treatment: If a keloid does form, it can be treated with corticosteroid injections, cryotherapy, or surgical excision.
If you have concerns about keloids, discuss them with your practitioner during the consultation process.
21. Can Laser Tattoo Removal Cause Skin Discoloration?
Yes, laser tattoo removal can sometimes cause temporary or permanent skin discoloration, such as hyperpigmentation (darkening of the skin) or hypopigmentation (lightening of the skin). These changes in skin pigmentation occur when the laser affects the melanin in the skin, which is responsible for its color.
Here’s what you need to know about skin discoloration after laser tattoo removal:
- Hyperpigmentation: More common in people with darker skin tones. It usually fades over time but can sometimes be permanent.
- Hypopigmentation: Can occur in all skin types but is more noticeable in people with darker skin. It may be temporary or permanent.
- Prevention: A skilled practitioner can adjust laser settings and provide specific aftercare instructions to minimize the risk of skin discoloration.
If you experience significant skin discoloration after laser tattoo removal, consult your practitioner for guidance on treatment options.
22. What are Some Tips for Preparing for a Laser Tattoo Removal Session?
Preparing properly for a laser tattoo removal session can help improve your results and minimize the risk of side effects. Here are some tips to follow:
- Avoid Sun Exposure: Protect the tattoo from sun exposure for at least 2-4 weeks before your session.
- Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water in the days leading up to your appointment.
- Avoid Tanning: Do not tan or use tanning beds before your session.
- Shave the Area: Shave the treated area the day before your appointment.
- Avoid Certain Medications: Discuss any medications you are taking with your practitioner, as some may increase the risk of bleeding or sensitivity.
- Moisturize: Keep the treated area well-moisturized in the days leading up to your session.
Following these tips will help ensure your skin is in the best possible condition for laser tattoo removal.
23. How Long Should You Wait Between Laser Tattoo Removal Sessions?
It’s generally recommended to wait 6-8 weeks between laser tattoo removal sessions to allow the skin to heal and the body to clear the fragmented ink particles. This waiting period is crucial for minimizing the risk of side effects and maximizing the effectiveness of each session.
Here’s why waiting is important:
- Skin Healing: The skin needs time to recover from the laser treatment.
- Ink Clearance: The body needs time to flush out the fragmented ink particles.
- Reduced Risk of Side Effects: Waiting reduces the risk of blistering, scarring, and pigmentation changes.
Patience is key when it comes to laser tattoo removal. Rushing the process can lead to complications and less-than-optimal results.
24. Can Laser Tattoo Removal Damage the Skin?
While laser tattoo removal is generally safe, there is a risk of skin damage, particularly if the procedure is not performed by a qualified practitioner or if proper aftercare is not followed. Potential skin damage can include blistering, scarring, and changes in skin pigmentation.
Here’s how to minimize the risk of skin damage:
- Choose a Qualified Practitioner: Look for a dermatologist or laser technician with specific training and experience in tattoo removal.
- Follow Aftercare Instructions: Keep the treated area clean, moisturized, and protected from the sun.
- Avoid Picking or Scratching: Allow blisters to heal naturally and avoid picking or scratching the treated area.
- Protect from Sun Exposure: Keep the treated area out of direct sunlight.
By taking these precautions, you can minimize the risk of skin damage and ensure a safe and effective tattoo removal process.
25. What Are the Long-Term Effects of Laser Tattoo Removal?
The long-term effects of laser tattoo removal are generally minimal when the procedure is performed correctly and proper aftercare is followed. Some individuals may experience permanent changes in skin pigmentation, such as hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation, but these effects are usually mild. Scarring is rare but can occur, particularly if the individual is prone to keloid formation.
Here’s what you can expect in the long term:
- Fading or Complete Removal: The tattoo will gradually fade over multiple sessions, with the goal of complete removal.
- Possible Pigmentation Changes: Some individuals may experience temporary or permanent changes in skin pigmentation.
- Minimal Scarring: Scarring is rare but can occur, especially if proper aftercare is not followed.
- Improved Skin Appearance: In many cases, the skin will return to its normal appearance after the tattoo is removed.
Overall, laser tattoo removal is a safe and effective method for removing unwanted tattoos, with minimal long-term effects when performed by a qualified practitioner.
Ready to say goodbye to that unwanted tattoo? At tattooat.com, we provide a comprehensive guide to laser tattoo removal, helping you find reputable clinics and skilled practitioners near you. Explore our extensive resources, including detailed articles, before-and-after photos, and expert advice. Discover the best tattoo removal options tailored to your specific needs. Visit tattooat.com today to start your journey toward clear, ink-free skin and regain your confidence with the help of experienced professionals. Address: 1825 SW Broadway, Portland, OR 97201, United States. Phone: +1 (503) 725-3000. Website: tattooat.com.
FAQ: Laser Tattoo Removal
1. Is laser tattoo removal safe?
Yes, laser tattoo removal is generally safe when performed by a qualified and experienced practitioner. Potential side effects can be minimized by following pre- and post-treatment instructions carefully.
2. How many sessions will I need?
The number of sessions needed varies depending on the tattoo’s size, ink colors, depth, and the individual’s skin type. On average, most tattoos require between 5 to 12 sessions.
3. Does laser tattoo removal hurt?
Most people describe the sensation as similar to a rubber band snapping against the skin. Numbing creams and cooling devices can help minimize discomfort.
4. Can laser tattoo removal completely remove a tattoo?
Laser tattoo removal can often completely erase a tattoo, but the degree of success varies depending on factors such as ink color and skin type.
5. How long does each session take?
The duration of each session depends on the size and complexity of the tattoo. Small tattoos may only take a few minutes, while larger tattoos can take 30 minutes or longer.
6. What is the aftercare process?
Aftercare involves keeping the treated area clean and moisturized, protecting it from sun exposure, and following any specific instructions provided by your practitioner.
7. Can I get a new tattoo over a laser-treated area?
Yes, but it’s generally recommended to wait until the skin has fully healed, which can take several months.
8. How much does laser tattoo removal cost?
The cost varies depending on the size and complexity of the tattoo, the number of sessions required, and the location and expertise of the practitioner. On average, a single session can range from $200 to $500 or more.
9. What if I have dark skin?
Those with darker skin tones may face a higher risk of pigmentation changes, such as hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation, requiring a more cautious approach with specific laser settings and careful monitoring.
10. Are there alternatives to laser tattoo removal?
Alternative options include surgical excision, dermabrasion, and chemical peels, but these methods may not be as effective or may carry a higher risk of scarring.
